Basic things You Might Want to Know About ICT

Basic things You Might Want to Know About ICT

Computer generations

 

1^st Generation- Vacuum Tubs

2^nd Gen- transistors

3^rd Gen- Integrated circuits

4^th Gen-microprocessors 

 

ENIAC

ENIAC is a 1^st generation computer. Invented by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. ENIAC was the fastest computational device of its time. It use large number of vacuum tubes, capacitors.

 

capasitors

World 1st computer programmer- Ada Lovelace

 

Stored program concept- John Von Neumann

 

 

What is Analytical Engine?

Invented by Charles Babbage. This analytical engine is introduced number of computing concept still in use today. And also this is  the world's first general-purpose computer.

 

 

Main Parts in computer

 

CPU

CPU (Central processing unit) is the brain of the computer.

 

When the CPU is speed, your computer can work fast. CPU controls the actions of the computer including calculations and processing of Data.

 

 

Ram

 

 

Ram(random access memory) This is a volatile memory. That means when it has no power data is lose. The amount of RAM is important for the computer. Some applications are need more RAM. You can read and write RAM. But all are temporally.

 

There are 2 types of RAM:

                  SRAM

                  DRAM

 

ROM 

 

ROM(Read only memory) is a non-volatile memory. When power is off data is stored in ROM pretendedly. In ROM user can only read data not written.

 

 

 

Hard Drive

A computer hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile data storage device. Non-volatile refers to storage devices that maintain stored data when turned off. All computers need a storage device, and HDDs are just one example of a type of storage device. In here data stored in magnetic plater.

 

Power Supply 

The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet to the type of power needed by the computer. It sends power through cables to the motherboard and other components.

 

 

Cache Memory

 

Purpose is accelerate (speed) computer while keeping the price of the computer low. This is located in between CPU and Main memory. Cache memory is the fastest system memory in computer.

 

 

Virtual Memory

 

Virtual memory is important for improving system performance, multitasking and using large programs.

 

 

Video Card (Graphic Card)

 

The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor. Most computers have a GPU (graphics processing unit) built into the motherboard instead of having a separate video card. If you like playing graphics-intensive games, you can add a faster video card to one of the expansion slots to get better performance.

CPU And It’s Compatibility With The Motherboard

 CPU And It’s Compatibility With The Motherboard

1.BIOS Support

2.Chipset Support

3.Wattage Support

4.Socket Support

BIOS Support

The basic input/output system, or BIOS, is the software that a computer's CPU runs when it is turned on. Additionally, it controls the flow of information between the operating system (OS) of the computer and any associated hardware, including the hard drive, video adapter, keyboard, mouse, and printer. Processor compatibility with BIOS programs is required. because the CPU must be compatible with the CPU in order for the bios scripts to operate. 

The BIOS contains instructions on how to load the most fundamental pieces of hardware. It contains a POST (Power-On Self-Test) test that assists in determining whether the computer satisfies requirements to start up successfully. A series of beeps that indicate a computer issue can be heard if the POST is not successfully completed by the machine.

There are two types of BIOS

•  UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) BIOS. Any modern PC has a UEFI BIOS.

• Legacy BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) - For powering on the PC, older motherboards include legacy BIOS firmware.

Chipset Support

The chipset of a computer, which resides on the motherboard (opens in new tab), regulates communication between the CPU, RAM, storage, and other peripherals. How many USB devices or high-speed components your finest motherboard can support depends on the chipset. The design/functionality of the circuit board and the circuit mechanisms are included in a chipset. Microprocessors and modem card chipsets are examples of varieties. A CPU also has a number of various chipsets with distinct architectures. 

Does the Chipset on a Motherboard Matter? Indeed, it is crucial. The primary determining factor for compatibility in a contemporary motherboard is the chipset that is on the motherboard. The most crucial specifications to take into account while choosing a chipset are CPU, RAM, and PCI Express lane support.

Wattage Support

Power supplies of 2,000 watts or more of energy can be purchased for heavy-duty applications, but they are only practical for supercomputers and servers that require a lot of power. While in operation, a typical desktop computer uses 200 to 300 watts, although laptops and tiny PCs are designed to use 50 watts or less. 

Depending on the model, computers typically consume between 30 and 70 watts (W) of power. Computers typically connect to a 120-volt outlet and draw between 3 and 5 amps. Up to 500 W can be used by larger desktop and gaming machines. Five to ten watts are used by most PCI cards. A hard drive uses between 15 and 30 watts, whereas a CD or DVD drive uses between 20 and 30 watts. Probably, your motherboard. Each memory stick needs roughly 15 watts, and your motherboard probably utilizes 50 to 150 watts. Power requirements for the CPU range from 80 to 140 watts.

Socket Support

An electrical and mechanical connection between a microprocessor and a printed circuit board is made by one or more mechanical components found in a CPU socket or CPU slot found in computer hardware (PCB). This makes it possible to install and remove the central processing unit (CPU) without the need for soldering. 

The number of CPU sockets must match the number of mother board sockets. If not, they won't communicate with one another.

A CPU socket is composed of plastic and frequently has a latch or lever as well as metal contacts for each of the CPU's pins or lands. To guarantee the proper insertion of the CPU, several packages are keyed. The latch is closed once CPUs with PGA (pin grid array) packages have been placed into the socket. In order to provide a solid connection and greater mechanical stability, CPUs with an LGA (land grid array) package are put into the socket, the latch plate is flipped into position atop the CPU, and the lever is lowered and secured into place.

Explain About Computer Operating System

 Explain About Computer Operating System

What is computer operating system?

An operating system is a system software that provide a virtual machine that hides hardware details, provides I=an interface to applications and end users and manages computing resources by keeping track of resource usage and grant/ revoke permissions for resources as well as it executed software. 

Examples for operating systems

• Windows
• Linux 
• Android 

Evolution of Operating System

1.No OS(late 1940- mid 1950s)

An operating system was not uses in this area. Therefore users had to give each and every instruction step by step.

Feature of this instructions

• No operating system.
• Processors sat idle when loading programs and doing I/O
• uniprogramming   
• Manual programing Scheduling
• Single user system
• Programs loaded directly into computer

2. Simple Batch System

• These system were introduced to maximize the processor utilization and these programs were recorded in a magnetic tape with an inexpensive machine. 
• OS loaded and executed programs in tape one at a time.
• When the current program ended execution, its output was written to another tape and OS loaded next program.
• At the end of entire batch of programs, output tape was printed with an inexpensive machine.

Features:-

• No direct access to hardware 
• Uniprogramming 
• Processor sat idle during I/O
• High response time

3.Multi-programmed batch System 

• These system can be taken as a Central theme of modern OS and were introduced in 3rd generation computers to minimized the processor idle time during input and output.
• Memory is partition to hold multiple programs.
• If memory is large enough to hold more programs, proceeder could keep 100% busy.
• When current program waiting for I/O, OS switches processor to execute another program in the memory.

4.Time Sharing System

A time sharing operating system is that each task is given some time to execute and all tasks are given time, so that all processes run without any traffic.

• Introduced to minimize the response time and maximize the user interaction during program execution and it uses context switching method(process switch/ task switch) which means CPU switch one process to another process.
• Enables to share the process time among multiple programs. 

Main functions of an operating system

• Process Management(by allocating time for processes)

• Resources Management(Memory, I/O device, storage)

• Providing a user Interfe.

• Managing Security and Access rights for the protection of the computer system.

Different Types of operating system 

computer operating system cab be categorized according to the number of users and number of tasks.

Different types of operating system(Based on the users)

• single user- Facilitates single user to use the system at a time.
• Multi user- Facilities multiple users to use the system at a time.

Different types of operating system(Based on Number of tasks)

• Single Task- Executes only one program at a time.
• Multi Task- Executes multiple program at a time.

Other types of operating systems

• Single user-single task- A single task is performed by one user at a time

• Single user-multi task- Several programs are run at the same time by a single user.

• Multi user- Multi task- A multi- user operating system has been design for more than one user to access the computer at the same time or different time.

• Multi-threading- A thread is also called a sub process. Threads provide a way to improve application performance through the parallel execution of sub process.

Real time- 

• OS is design to run applications with very precise timing and with high degree of reliability.

• The main objective of real-time operating system is their quick and predictive response to event.

• These type of OS are needed in situations where downtime is costly or a program delay could cause a safety hazard.

Time sharing System 

• Processor's time is shared among multiple users/applications. 

• Provides quick response

• Reduced CPU idle time.

Explain About Internet

         Explain About Internet

What Is Internet?

The Internet is defined as a network of network in which users can get information from any other computer in the network, if they have permission. In other words the internet is a public cooperative, and self-sustain facility accessible to million of people. World wide services provided by the internet are World wide web(WWW), file transfer(FTP), email(SMIP, POP), vision conferencing, Telnet, file sharing, Internet relay chat, IP Telephone and IPTV.

The Internet has no single unified administration in either mechanical execution or arrangements for access and use; every constituent organization sets its own approaches. The overextending meanings of the two chief name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address (IP address) space and the Domain Name System (DNS), are coordinated by a maintainer association, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The specialized supporting and normalization of the center conventions is an action of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-benefit association of inexactly subsidiary worldwide members that anybody might connect with by contributing specialized skill. In November 2006, the Internet was remembered for USA Today's rundown of New Seven Wonders.

History of Internet

The u.s Department of defence laid the foundation of the internet with a network called "ARPANET". However, the general public did not use the Internet much until after the development of the world wide web in the early 1990s. In 1957, u.s government formed the Advanced Research Project Agency(ARPA), a segment of the department of defence charged with ensuring u.s leadership in science and technology with military applications in 1969, ARPA established ARPANET, the foreigner of the Internet. ARPANET  was a network that connected major computers at the universities and other educational and research institute later.

What Is Data Validation & Data Verification

 Data Validation & Verification

Data validation

Data validation is done by the and there are three type of data validation.

(01)Type Check

In here the data type is checked into insure that. The type of the input data is correct before storing in a data base.

Ex:- It a text box which indicate the data in a form must be inserted the data a note.

(02)Presence Check

There are some key data which is used to identify other data in a data set. Presence check is checking out if the key data is available. 

Ex:- After filling a web application form the system will check those mandetary check boxes, weather they are filled or not.

(03) Range Check

There are different type of data that contains different ranges in a data set. In here the range is checked after the input process of data.

Ex:- Some passwords are programme to be consitern a certein range of character  set. If the enters password most less than the given range a massage will popup.

Data Verification 

The data Verification is done by the answer. There are three different method of data Verification.

(01)Visual Check

Visual check is checking errors by logging to the data.

Ex:-After entering a password there is a sign of eye. In this option we can see what we entered.

(02)Double Keying 

This method is used to check transecription errors. In here data will be entered twice( by two peoples) The computer will only accept the data from processing. If the two vertions are identical.

(03) Parity Check 

This is used to check transmission errors or it between memory and a disk. In generally, parity check is the quality of being even or odd. In parity check the recerverces end checks the received data check. To check weather is qualities even or odd.